Simple, generic and dynamically allocated array in C

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C is a very good language. I have been using for quite some time for my opensource project. The flexibility C offers is really good. But sometimes, lack of simple datastructures like a dynamically growing array will slow down the programmer. There are tons of implementation available online, but most of them are overcomplicated, got lot of dependencies or tough to understand and incorporate with your application. In this post, I present a simple array which grows dynamically, reuses the memory, supports any pointer type and easy to copy to your code base.

Here is the code.


typedef struct varray_t
{
   void **memory;
   size_t allocated;
   size_t used;
   int index;
} varray;

void
varray_init(varray **array)
{
   *array = (varray*) malloc (sizeof(varray));
   (*array)->memory = NULL;
   (*array)->allocated = 0;
   (*array)->used = 0;
   (*array)->index = -1;
}

void
varray_push(varray *array, void *data)
{
   size_t toallocate;
   size_t size = sizeof(void*);
   if ((array->allocated - array->used) < size) {
      toallocate = array->allocated == 0 ? size : (array->allocated * 2);
      array->memory = realloc(array->memory, toallocate);
      array->allocated = toallocate;
   }

   array->memory[++array->index] = data;
   array->used = array->used + size;
}

int
varray_length(varray *array)
{
   return array->index + 1;
}

void
varray_clear(varray *array)
{
   int i;
   for(i = 0; i < varray_length(array); i++)
   {
      array->memory[i] = NULL;
   }
   array->used = 0;
   array->index = -1;
}

void
varray_free(varray *array)
{
   free(array->memory);
   free(array);
}

void*
varray_get(varray *array, int index)
{
   if (index < 0 || index > array->index)
      return NULL;

   return array->memory[index];
}

void
varray_insert(varray *array, int index, void *data)
{
   if (index < 0 || index > array->index)
      return;

   array->memory[index] = data;
}

This array doesn’t take ownership of the data it contains. Ownership has to be managed separately. When adding a new item, array grows in constant propotion yielding inserts in amortized constant time. I have omitted error checking for malloc and realloc for simplicity.

Hope you enjoy the post.

Simple egg timer on Linux for Pomodoro technique

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Recently I have started evaluating the Pomodoro Technique which I found quite interesting. I am still evaluating the technique and not yet concluded on whether I should continue using it.

To implement pomodoro technique, you need a kitchen timer or egg timer. Since I use pomodoro for my programming work, I obviously don’t want to use a physical timer. I couldn’t find a decent timer for linux especially one that works well with Xfce. In this blog post, I will explain building a kitchen timer with basic linux programming techniques. This also gives an idea about how simple linux tools can be combined to do useful stuff.

Things that are used

  1. Shell scripting
  2. Notification mechanisms on popular desktops like Gnome and Xfce. (I use Xfce in this example)

The shell script is actually a modified version of the one published here (http://mostlylinux.wordpress.com/commandline/eggtimer/).

#!/bin/bash
counter=0
limit=$1
summary=$2
startmessage=$3
endmessage=$4
notify-send -u critical -i appointment -t 600 "$summary" "$startmessage"
echo
while [ $counter != $limit ]; do
   echo "$counter minutes so far...";
   sleep 60
   let "counter = $counter + 1"
done
if [ $counter = $limit ]; then
   echo
   notify-send -u critical -i appointment "$summary" "$endmessage"
   echo -e '\a' &gt;&amp;2
   exit 0
fi

All it does is wait until the limit reaches. It uses the sleep(1) command to sleep for a minute. notify-send is used for sending notifications to the desktop environment.

This script can be invoked using,

./p-timer.sh

If you use bash, you can add an alias for convenience. 

alias begin-pomodoro='sh ~/utils/p-timer.sh 25 "Pomodoro" "Pomodoro started, you have 25 minutes left" "Pomodoro ended. Please stop the work and take short break"'

Pomodoro started notification

Pomodoro ended notification

This post is written on one pomodoro!

Happy programming!

Unit testing events – Asserting event rasing

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I was working on a Silverlight application where property setter raises PropetyChanged events for other read only properties that needs to be updated. Something like,

private List<User> users;
public List<User> Users
{
      get
      {
           return users;
      }
      set
      {
           users = value;
           Changed("Users");
           Changed("EnableDisableButton");
           Changed("UsersCount");
      }
}

private void Changed(string propertyName)
{
      if (PropertyChanged == null) return;
      PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
}

Here is how I came up with a test case that asserts the proper events are raised in proper order.

[Test]
public void ProperEventsAreRaisedWhenUsersChanges()
{
       var propertiesChanged = new List<string>();
       var model = new UserModel();
       model.PropertyChanged += (sender, args) => propertiesChanged.Add(args.PropertyName);
       model.Users = new List<User>();
       propertiesChanged[0].ShouldBe("Users");
       propertiesChanged[1].ShouldBe("EnableDisableButton");
       propertiesChanged[2].ShouldBe("UsersCount");
}

ShouldBe() is an extension method which does Assert.That internally.

Invoking root directorie’s makefile from subdirectory in EMACS

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To compile, M-x compile is used in emacs. The value displayed in the mini-buffer for this command is stored in the compile-command variable. When you execute, make -k, emacs executes the command in the directory on which the currently opened file belongs. This won’t help as you may not have makefile in the current directory.

Most of the projects will have only one makefile which will be available in the root directory. To invoke this makefile from a subdirectory, you can use -f switch and specify the makefile path. Something like:

make -f project_root_directory/Makefile

Still, emacs executes this command from the current directory. This method has got potential problems like relative paths used inside the makefile won’t work. A reliable method would be to ask emacs to change the current directory to project’s root, execute the makefile and come back to the current directory. Fortunately, emacs supports cd command which can be used to change the directory and cd – to come back to last directory. After issuing the compile command (M-x compile), you can type

(cd /project_root_directory && make && cd -)

Using this method, emacs executes the makefile from the root directory. You can add the following to .emacs file if you need this trick always.

(setq compile-command "(cd /project_root_directory && make && cd -)")

Happy programming!

How overriding Object.ToString() helps

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System.Object provides a ToString() method which gives a human readable string about the object. Many people haven’t realized how useful is this tiny method.

Consider the following code:

namespace PersonDetails
{
    class Person
    {
        public Person(string firstName, string lastName, int age)
        {
            this.FirstName = firstName;
            this.LastName = lastName;
            this.Age = age;
        }

        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
        public int Age { get; set; }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Person chuckNorris = new Person("Chuck", "Norris", 20);
            Console.WriteLine(chuckNorris.ToString()); // Prints PersonDetails.Person
        }
    }
}

The information printed is not at all helpful. Let us override ToString() and see the difference. Continue reading →

Understanding equality and object comparison in .NET framework

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.NET framework provides several methods to do comparison and equality check for objects. It can be pretty confusing at the beginning by looking at the documentations for each interfaces that framework offers. In this post, I will try explain the possibilities with examples.

Basically, there are two kinds of equality in .NET. Reference Equality and Value Equality. Default is reference equality. To understand reference equality, consider the following class: Continue reading →

Getting smart-completion for wxWidgets using CEDET

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This post shows how CEDET can be configured to show code-completion for classes in wxWidgets library. Since wxWidgets uses preprocessor macros heavily, configuring smart-completion is bit tricky. I haven’t got successful completion on my first attempt and got everything worked nicely after having few discussions on the CEDET mailing list. Thanks to all who helped.

This post assumes that you have a CVS version of CEDET installed and configured correctly. Continue reading →

Getting rendered HTML of a server control

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This post shows a generic method that can return the HTML string generated by ASP.NET server control after the rendering.

string GetRenderedOutput<T>(T control) where T : Control
{
    StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
    using (StringWriter sWriter = new StringWriter(builder))
    using (Html32TextWriter writer = new Html32TextWriter(sWriter))
    {
        control.RenderControl(writer);
    }
    return builder.ToString();
}

How small code optimizations can improve the performance and storage requirements

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While reading an algorithms book, I learned that minor optimizations and choosing right algorithm can improve the code performance drastically. In this post we will see how this is happening.

Consider the following trivial code to calculate a Fibonacci value of a number using recursion.

int fibonacci(int num)
{
if (num <= 1) return num; else return fibonacci(num - 1) + fibonacci(num - 2); } [/sourcecode] Here is how this code executes for fibonacci(5). Continue reading →